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Following is a list indicating the number of Article III federal judicial appointments made by each President of the United States. The number of judicial offices has risen significantly from the time when Washington's 38 appointments were sufficient to maintain the entire federal judiciary for eight years. As of January, 2009, there are 866 authorized Article III judgeships - nine on the Supreme Court, 179 on the Courts of Appeals, and 678 for the district courts. To date, Ronald Reagan has appointed the largest number of federal judges, with 376, followed closely by Bill Clinton with 373. William Henry Harrison, who died a few weeks after his inauguration, is the only president to have appointed no federal judges. ==How appointments are counted== In many instances, the number of judgeships appointed is fewer than the number of ''people'' appointed as judges, because a president may appoint the same person as a judge to different courts over the course of his presidency. For example, George W. Bush appointed John G. Roberts to the D.C. Circuit, and later appointed him to the Supreme Court. There are also instances in which an individual is appointed to multiple district courts in a single state. As recently as 2001, George W. Bush appointed James H. Payne to the Eastern, Western, and Northern Districts of Oklahoma. In some rare instances, a federal judge resigns their judgeship, and is later reappointed to a federal judgeship - possibly even to the same court - by a different president. A noted example of this is that of Charles Evans Hughes, who resigned from the United States Supreme Court to run for president against Woodrow Wilson, and was later returned to the Court as Chief Justice of the United States by Herbert Hoover. Another rare situation occurs where a court that has not been specifically designated as an Article III court is transformed into an Article III court. This occurred in 1958 when the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals was changed from an Article I court to an Article III court. In that case, judges who were not initially appointed to an Article III court may become Article III judges without being specifically appointed by the sitting president, or approved by the sitting Senate. However, judges on such bodies have previously been appointed to Article I courts by the president, and those appointments have been approved by the Senate, which must also vote in favor of the legislation that would change the status of such judges. Appointments to Article I courts are not counted in each president's total number of appointments. The list does not include nominees who were rejected by Congress before having served, but does include the twenty-two recess appointments who were not confirmed by the Senate after having served for some period. The most famous instance of such a post-appointment rejection is that of George Washington's recess appointment of John Rutledge as Chief Justice during a congressional recess in July, 1795. Because of Rutledge's political views and occasional mental illness, the Senate rejected his nomination in December of that year, and Rutledge subsequently attempted suicide and then resigned. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of Presidents of the United States by judicial appointments」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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